Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Screening, Prevention and Treatment
Cervical cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, affecting millions of women each year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is the fourth most common cancer in women, with approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths reported globally in 2020 alone. This preventable cancer primarily affects women in their reproductive years, highlighting the critical importance of awareness, early detection, and vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), the leading cause of cervical cancer. Understanding its risk factors, symptoms, and preventive measures is crucial for every woman’s health journey.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is a significant health issue affecting women worldwide, but with early detection and proper treatment, it can often be managed effectively.
Cervical Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection with certain types of HPV, a common sexually transmitted infection. Not all HPV infections lead to cervical cancer, but specific high-risk types are responsible for the majority of cases.
- Smoking: Women who smoke are at a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off HPV infections.
- Weakened Immune System: Conditions that compromise the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or medications that suppress the immune response, can increase the risk of cervical cancer.
- Long-term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Extended use of birth control pills has been linked to an increased risk, though the risk decreases after stopping the pills.
- Multiple Full-Term Pregnancies: Women who have had three or more full-term pregnancies have a higher risk of cervical cancer.
Did you know that the majority of cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in women between the ages of 35 and 44? Get yourself screened today!
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (e.g., between periods, after intercourse)
- Pelvic pain
- Unusual vaginal discharge (e.g., watery, bloody)
- Pain during intercourse
- Swelling in the legs
- Urinary issues (e.g., frequent urination, blood in urine)
Screening and Prevention
- Pap Test (Pap Smear): This test detects precancerous changes in the cervix that might develop into cancer. It’s recommended for women starting at age 21 and should be done regularly.
- HPV Test: This test detects the presence of high-risk HPV types that are most likely to cause cervical cancer. It can be done alone or in conjunction with a Pap test for women aged 30 and older.
- HPV Vaccine: Vaccines such as Gardasil and Cervarix protect against the most common cancer-causing types of HPV. It is most effective when given to girls and boys before they become sexually active, typically recommended at ages 11 or 12.
- Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV infection.
How is cervical cancer treated?
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of cancer, overall health, and personal preferences. Common treatments include:
- Surgery: To remove the cancerous tissue, which may range from a simple hysterectomy to more extensive procedures.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.
- Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells, often used in combination with radiation therapy.
- Targeted Therapy: Involves drugs that target specific aspects of cancer cells to stop them from growing.
Living with Cervical Cancer
A cervical cancer diagnosis can be life-changing, but support and resources are available. Emotional support from family, friends, and support groups can make a significant difference. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are crucial to monitor health and manage any side effects of treatment.
Conclusion
Cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable disease, especially when detected early through regular screening. Understanding the risk factors, recognizing symptoms, and taking proactive measures such as vaccination and safe sexual practices can significantly reduce the risk. Stay informed, stay screened, and take steps to protect your health.
By staying informed and proactive about cervical cancer, women can significantly reduce their risk and increase their chances of successful treatment if diagnosed. Regular communication with healthcare providers and adherence to recommended screening guidelines are key components in the fight against cervical cancer.
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About Author
Dr Saveetha Rathod
MBBS ,MD – PGI , MRCOG – UK,Diploma in cosmetic Gynaecology – ICCG
Dr. Saveetha Rathod is a well-known obstetrician and gynecologist in Hyderabad, known for her compassionate care and unwavering dedication to women’s health. She is deeply committed to continuous learning and growth, ensuring that each patient receives personalized and comprehensive support. Dr. Rathod’s collaborative approach and steadfast advocacy make her a trusted partner in every woman’s journey towards optimal well-being, regardless of age or background.